primary energy
Energy from sources before conversion or transformation, such as coal or solar radiation.
IPCC Begriffe
ablation
The process of removing snow, ice, or rock from a glacier or other frozen body by melting, sublimation, or calving.
abrupt change
A significant change that happens in a relatively short time period, often affecting climate or ecological systems suddenly and dramatically.
abrupt climate change
A rapid and significant change in the climate system that occurs over a short period, causing substantial impacts on natural and human systems.
acceptability of policy or system change
The degree to which proposed policies or changes in systems are considered favorable or acceptable by stakeholders and the general public.
access to modern energy services
The ability to obtain modern energy services, including electricity and clean cooking facilities, which are essential for economic development and well-being.
acclimatisation
The physiological or behavioral adjustments that organisms make in response to changes in their environment to maintain performance across a range of environmental conditions.
accumulation
The accumulation of substances such as snow, ice, or sediment in a natural environment.
active layer
The layer of ground that is subject to annual freeze-thaw cycles in permafrost regions, affecting soil structure and ecosystem processes.
acute food insecurity
A condition where food availability is severely reduced, leading to an urgent need for food aid to prevent hunger and malnutrition.
adaptation
The process of adjusting to actual or expected climate and its effects, in order to moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities.
adaptation behaviour
The ways in which individuals or communities change their behaviors to cope with or benefit from climate impacts.
adaptation deficit
The gap between the level of adaptation that is currently achieved and the level that is needed to avert or minimize the negative impacts of climate change.
adaptation fund
A fund established to finance adaptation projects and programs in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.
adaptation gap
The difference between the current level of adaptation and the level required to adequately address the impacts of climate change.
adaptation limits
The limitations that prevent effective adaptation, which may be physical, economic, social, or technological.
adaptation needs
The specific requirements that must be met for effective adaptation to take place, addressing vulnerabilities and enhancing resilience.
adaptation opportunity
The potential benefits or opportunities that arise from taking action to adapt to climate change.
adaptation options
The various actions or strategies available to mitigate the impacts of climate change and enhance resilience.
adaptation pathways
The sequences of actions or strategies that can be implemented over time to adapt to changing climatic conditions.
adaptive capacity
The capacity of individuals, communities, or systems to adjust to potential damage, take advantage of opportunities, or respond to consequences.
adaptive governance
A governance approach that emphasizes flexibility, learning, and collaboration across different levels of government and stakeholders.
adaptive management
A management strategy that allows for learning and adaptation in response to changes and uncertainties.
added value
The additional benefits or improvements that a project or policy brings beyond its primary objectives.
additionality
The concept that a project or intervention should provide benefits that would not have occurred without it.
adjustments
The changes or modifications made to policies, practices, or systems to improve performance or outcomes.
advection
The horizontal movement of air or water due to atmospheric or oceanic conditions.
adverse side-effect
An unintended negative consequence that arises from a policy or action intended to produce a different benefit.
aerosol
Tiny solid or liquid particles suspended in the atmosphere, which can affect climate and human health.
aerosol effective radiative forcing
The net change in the energy balance of the Earth’s atmosphere due to aerosols, affecting climate.
aerosol optical depth
A measure of the extent to which aerosols prevent sunlight from reaching the Earth’s surface.
aerosol–cloud interaction
The interactions between aerosols and cloud formation, which can influence weather patterns and climate.
aerosol–radiation interaction
The interactions between aerosols and radiation, influencing climate through scattering or absorbing sunlight.
afforestation
The establishment of forests in areas where there were no previous tree cover, as a method of carbon sequestration and environmental restoration.
agreement
A formal arrangement between two or more parties, often to achieve mutual goals or resolve issues.
agricultural and ecological drought
Drought conditions that affect agricultural productivity and ecological health, leading to food and water shortages.
agriculture forestry and other land use
Land use practices involving agriculture, forestry, and other land uses that can impact the environment and climate.
agroecology
A sustainable farming approach that integrates ecological principles with agricultural practices.
agroforestry
A land management practice that integrates trees and shrubs into agricultural systems for environmental and economic benefits.
air mass
A large body of air with uniform temperature and humidity characteristics.
air pollution
The presence of pollutants in the air, which can harm human health and the environment.
airborne fraction
The proportion of emitted CO2 that remains in the atmosphere rather than being absorbed by oceans or land.
albedo
The reflectivity of a surface, with high albedo surfaces reflecting more sunlight and low albedo surfaces absorbing more.
alkalinity
The capacity of a solution to neutralize acids, often used to measure the buffering capacity of seawater against ocean acidification.
altimetry
The measurement of changes in surface height, often used in monitoring sea level and ice sheet dynamics.
annular modes
Climate patterns characterized by large-scale high-pressure systems that influence weather patterns over weeks to months.
anomaly
A deviation from the long-term average value of a climate variable, such as temperature or precipitation.
antarctic ice sheet
A massive ice sheet covering Antarctica, containing the majority of the Earth’s fresh water.
anthropocene
A proposed geological epoch that highlights the significant global impact of human activities on the Earth’s geology and ecosystems.
anthropogenic
Originating from human activity, such as emissions from fossil fuel combustion, deforestation, and industrial processes.
anthropogenic emissions
Emissions of greenhouse gases or other pollutants that result from human activities.
anthropogenic removals
The process by which human activities remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere, often through land use practices like reforestation.
anthropogenic subsidence
The gradual sinking of land due to human activities such as groundwater extraction or oil drilling.
apparent hydrological sensitivity
The apparent sensitivity of a hydrological system to changes in climate or other environmental conditions.
arctic oscillation
A climate pattern characterized by shifting atmospheric pressure and temperature patterns in the Arctic, affecting global weather.
arid zone
A climate zone characterized by very low precipitation and high evaporation rates, leading to desert-like conditions.
aridity
A measure of the dryness of an environment, often used to assess drought conditions.
artificial ocean upwelling
A geoengineering technique that involves bringing nutrient-rich deep ocean water to the surface to stimulate marine productivity and carbon sequestration.
assets
The valuable resources, capabilities, and attributes that contribute to the wealth and well-being of an individual, community, or organization.
atlantic meridional mode
A climate pattern characterized by temperature and precipitation variations in the Atlantic Ocean, affecting weather and climate globally.
atlantic meridional overturning circulation
A large-scale ocean circulation system in the Atlantic Ocean that plays a key role in regulating climate.
atlantic multi-decadal oscillation
A climate pattern in the Atlantic Ocean that oscillates over several decades, influencing global weather patterns.
atlantic multi-decadal variability
Long-term variations in the climate of the Atlantic Ocean that affect global weather and climate.
atlantic zonal mode
A climate pattern in the Atlantic Ocean characterized by variations in sea surface temperature and atmospheric pressure.
atmosphere
The layer of gases surrounding the Earth, essential for weather, climate, and supporting life.
atmospheric boundary layer
The lowest part of the atmosphere, where most weather phenomena occur, influenced by the Earth’s surface.
atmospheric rivers
Narrow regions in the atmosphere that transport large amounts of water vapor from the tropics to higher latitudes, influencing precipitation patterns.
attribution
The process of establishing the causes of observed changes or events, often in the context of climate science.
australian and maritime continent monsoon
A monsoon system affecting Australia and surrounding regions, characterized by seasonal changes in wind and precipitation patterns.
autonomous adaptation
Adaptation that occurs naturally within systems without directed intervention, often as a result of evolutionary processes.
autotrophic respiration
The respiration by autotrophs (plants and algae) that releases CO2 into the atmosphere during photosynthesis.
avalanche
A mass of snow, ice, and debris that rapidly descends a mountainside, often triggered by weather conditions or human activity.
avoid
The action of preventing or minimizing undesirable outcomes, such as environmental damage or climate change.
basal lubrication
The reduction of friction at the base of a glacier, which can enhance its flow and contribute to ice loss.
baseline period
A period used as a reference point for comparison with current conditions, often in climate studies.
baseline scenario
A hypothetical scenario used as a benchmark to assess the impact of potential changes or interventions.
baseline/reference
The reference point or period against which changes are measured, providing a baseline for analysis.
behavioural change
Changes in individual or collective behavior in response to environmental, social, or economic factors.
benthic
Organisms living on or in the sea floor, often used to indicate the health of marine ecosystems.
benthos
beta diversity
The variety of species within a region, reflecting the ecological health and resilience of an area.
biochar
A charcoal-like substance produced from biomass, used as a soil amendment and for carbon sequestration.
biochemical oxygen demand
The amount of oxygen required to decompose organic material in water, an indicator of water quality.
biodiversity
The variety of life forms within an ecosystem, encompassing genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity.
biodiversity hotspots
Regions with exceptionally high levels of biodiversity that are under threat from human activities.
bioenergy
Energy derived from biological sources, such as plants, which can be used as a renewable fuel.
bioenergy with carbon dioxide capture and storage
A technology that combines bioenergy production with the capture and storage of carbon dioxide emissions.
bioethanol
A type of biofuel produced from fermented biomass, often used as an alternative to gasoline.
biofuel
Fuel derived from biological materials, offering a renewable alternative to fossil fuels.
biogenic carbon emissions
Carbon emissions resulting from biological processes, such as plant respiration and decomposition.
biogenic volatile organic compounds
Organic compounds released by plants that can contribute to atmospheric chemistry and pollution.
biogeophysical potential
The potential of biological and physical processes to influence the climate and environment.
biological pump
The process by which marine organisms, such as phytoplankton, transport carbon from the surface to the deep ocean.
biomass
The total mass of living organisms in a given area, often used as a measure of ecosystem productivity.
biomes
Large naturally occurring communities of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat.
biosphere
The global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships with the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere.
bipolar seesaw
A climate pattern characterized by opposing temperature changes in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
black carbon
Fine particulate matter emitted from incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels, affecting climate and health.
blocking
Atmospheric conditions where high-pressure systems block the progression of weather patterns, leading to prolonged extreme events.
blue carbon
Carbon stored in coastal and marine ecosystems, such as mangroves and seagrasses, contributing to climate mitigation.
blue infrastructure
Infrastructure that incorporates natural processes and ecosystems to provide services such as water management and climate resilience.
brewer–dobson circulation
A large-scale atmospheric circulation pattern that influences the distribution of ozone and other trace gases.
burden
biennial update report
business as usual
A scenario where current trends continue without significant change or intervention, often used in planning and forecasting.
calcification
The process by which marine organisms, such as corals and mollusks, build calcium carbonate structures.
calving
The process where chunks of ice break off from the edge of a glacier or ice shelf, forming icebergs.
canopy temperature
The temperature within the layer formed by the leaves and branches of trees or plants, which can differ from air temperature due to shading and transpiration effects.
capacity building
The process of developing skills, knowledge, and abilities within individuals, organizations, or societies to effectively address challenges and opportunities.
carbon budget
The balance of carbon dioxide emissions and removals (e.g., through sinks like forests) in a specified region or system.
carbon cycle
The natural process by which carbon is exchanged between the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms.
carbon dioxide
A greenhouse gas that is a primary contributor to global warming, emitted through human activities such as fossil fuel combustion and deforestation.
carbon dioxide fertilisation
The stimulation of plant growth due to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.
carbon dioxide capture and storage
Technologies and methods for capturing carbon dioxide emissions from industrial processes or power plants and storing it underground to prevent its release into the atmosphere.
carbon dioxide capture and utilisation
Technologies and processes that capture carbon dioxide emissions and convert them into useful products or chemicals.
carbon dioxide removal
Techniques and approaches to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, such as through afforestation or direct air capture technologies.
carbon feedback
The process where changes in the carbon cycle, such as carbon dioxide release or uptake, affect climate variables like temperature and precipitation.
carbon footprint
The amount of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, emitted directly or indirectly by human activities.
carbon intensity
The amount of carbon dioxide emitted per unit of economic output or activity.
carbon neutrality
Achieving a balance between emitted carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere, often through carbon offsets or carbon removal technologies.
carbon price
The cost imposed on carbon emissions to incentivize reductions and fund climate mitigation efforts.
carbon sequestration
The process of capturing and storing atmospheric carbon dioxide to mitigate global warming and ocean acidification.
carbon sink
Natural or artificial reservoirs that absorb and store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
carbon stock
The amount of carbon stored in vegetation, soil, oceans, and geological formations, which can influence atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.
carbonaceous aerosol
Tiny airborne particles composed of carbon, which can influence climate by absorbing or reflecting solar radiation.
carbonate pump
The process by which marine organisms use carbonate ions to form calcium carbonate, sequestering carbon in deep ocean layers.
carbon–climate feedback
The interactions between carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere and climate processes, which can amplify or dampen climate change.
cascading impacts
The wide-ranging impacts triggered by a single event or change, affecting interconnected systems.
catchment
The area of land that collects and channels rainfall or snowmelt into streams, rivers, and lakes.
cenozoic era
The geological era spanning from 66 million years ago to the present, characterized by the dominance of mammals and birds.
central pacific el ni%C3%B1o
A type of El Niño event centered in the central Pacific Ocean, which can influence global weather patterns.
chaotic
Describes a system that is highly sensitive to initial conditions, making long-term predictions difficult.
charcoal
A form of carbon formed from the incomplete combustion of biomass, used in soil amendments and filtration.
chlorofluorocarbons
Chemical compounds once used widely as refrigerants and propellants, known for depleting the ozone layer.
choice architecture
The design of environments to influence people’s behavior towards more beneficial choices, particularly in sustainability.
chronology
The arrangement of events or dates in the order of their occurrence.
circular economy
An economic system designed to minimize waste and maximize resources, aiming for sustainable production and consumption.
cirrus cloud thinning
The process of reducing cirrus cloud cover to counteract global warming by increasing Earth’s albedo.
cities
Urban areas characterized by dense populations, infrastructure, and economic activities.
citizen science
Scientific research conducted, in whole or in part, by amateur or non-professional scientists, often in collaboration with professional scientists.
city region
A geographical area consisting of a core city and surrounding municipalities linked by economic, social, and environmental ties.
clathrate
Ice-like compounds composed of gas molecules trapped within a lattice of water molecules, found in permafrost and deep ocean sediments.
clausius–clapeyron equation/relationship
An equation relating the temperature of a phase change to the change in vapor pressure with temperature.
climate
The long-term average of weather patterns in a particular region, including temperature, precipitation, and wind patterns.
climate change
Changes in global climate patterns attributed directly or indirectly to human activity, particularly in the form of greenhouse gas emissions.
climate change commitment
A commitment to future emissions reductions or climate actions, based on current policies and trajectories.
climate extreme
Extreme weather or climate events, such as heatwaves, floods, or hurricanes, that significantly deviate from historical norms.
climate feedback
The response of the climate system to changes or disturbances, which can amplify or mitigate the initial change.
climate feedback parameter
A parameter describing the strength and direction of feedback loops within the climate system.
climate finance
Financial mechanisms and resources mobilized to address climate change mitigation, adaptation, and resilience.
climate forecast
Predictions or projections of future climate conditions based on models and data.
climate governance
The governance structures and processes that influence climate policy, decisions, and actions at various levels.
climate index
A measure or indicator used to assess climate conditions or trends over time.
climate indicator
Data, knowledge, and assessments related to past, current, and future climate conditions and impacts.
climate information
climate justice
The concept of addressing climate change impacts and solutions in terms of fairness, equity, and justice.
climate literacy
The understanding and knowledge of climate science, its impacts, and the actions needed to address them.
climate metrics
Metrics and indicators used to measure and evaluate climate-related factors, impacts, and responses.
climate model
Mathematical models used to simulate and predict climate behavior based on physical, chemical, and biological processes.
climate pattern
Patterns or recurring sequences in climate variables such as temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric circulation.
climate prediction
The process of predicting future climate conditions based on current knowledge, models, and scenarios.
climate projection
The projection of future climate conditions based on scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions and other factors.
climate refugium
A geographic area that remains relatively stable and conducive to species survival during periods of climate change.
climate resilient development
Development pathways that integrate climate change adaptation and resilience into planning and policy.
climate resilient development pathways
Strategies and actions aimed at ensuring development can withstand and adapt to climate change impacts.
climate response
The overall response of the climate system to changes in greenhouse gas concentrations, emissions, or other factors.
climate sensitivity
The sensitivity of the climate system to changes or disturbances, measured by how much the system responds to a given forcing.
climate services
Services that provide climate information, predictions, and assessments to support decision-making and planning.
climate simulation ensemble
A collection of climate model simulations used to account for uncertainties and variability in future climate projections.
climate system
The interconnected components and processes of the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, land surfaces, and ice masses.
climate threshold
A critical threshold beyond which abrupt or significant changes in the climate system are expected.
climate variability
The variability in climate conditions over time and space, encompassing short-term fluctuations and long-term trends.
climate velocity
The rate at which climate zones shift in response to climate change, affecting ecosystems and species distributions.
climate–carbon cycle feedback
The reciprocal interactions between carbon dioxide levels and climate processes, influencing each other’s dynamics.
climate-resilient pathways
Pathways and strategies designed to enhance resilience and adaptation to climate change impacts.
climate-smart agriculture
Agricultural practices that aim to sustainably increase productivity while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate change.
climatic driver
Factors or phenomena that drive changes in climate conditions, such as greenhouse gas emissions or solar radiation.
climatic impact-driver
Factors or phenomena that are influenced by climate change and in turn affect other aspects of the climate system.
cloud condensation nuclei
Microscopic particles upon which water vapor condenses to form clouds, influencing cloud properties and climate.
cloud feedback
The feedback loop in which clouds can either amplify or dampen the effects of climate change by altering the Earth’s radiation balance.
cloud radiative effect
The impact of clouds on the balance of energy in the Earth’s atmosphere and surface, affecting climate conditions.
cloud-resolving models
High-resolution models used to simulate cloud processes and their effects on weather and climate.
co2 equivalent emission
A metric that expresses the impact of greenhouse gases in terms of the equivalent amount of CO2 that would produce the same effect.
coastal erosion
The interface between land and sea, shaped by processes like erosion, sediment transport, and sea level changes.
co-benefits
Additional benefits gained alongside primary goals when implementing actions or policies, often in environmental or social contexts.
cold days/cold nights
Days or nights with temperatures below normal averages, indicating cooling trends or anomalous weather events.
common era
The period from the birth of Christ onwards, used as a reference for historical and archaeological dating.
communicable disease
A disease that can be transmitted from one person to another through direct or indirect means, influenced by environmental factors.
community-based adaptation
Adaptation strategies that involve local communities in planning and decision-making processes to reduce vulnerability to climate change impacts.
compatible emissions
Emissions that are compatible with a specific global temperature goal, considering both mitigation and adaptation efforts.
compound risks
Risks resulting from the simultaneous occurrence of multiple climate or weather-related events, exacerbating impacts.
compound weather/climate events
Events where multiple weather or climate phenomena interact to produce more severe or unusual conditions.
concentrations scenario
Scenarios describing future concentrations of greenhouse gases and other radiatively active substances, used in climate modeling.
conference of the parties
The annual meeting where countries that are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change negotiate and implement agreements.
confidence
The level of certainty or reliability associated with climate projections, observations, or assessments.
conservation agriculture
Agricultural practices that conserve soil, water, and biodiversity while enhancing productivity and climate resilience.
constant composition commitment
A commitment to stabilize the composition of the atmosphere by reducing greenhouse gas emissions to prevent further climate change.
constant emissions commitment
A commitment to maintain current levels of greenhouse gas emissions indefinitely, without further increases.
consumption-based emissions
Emissions associated with the consumption of goods and services, including those produced domestically and internationally.
convection
The transfer of heat through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases) due to differences in density and temperature.
coping capacity
The ability of individuals, communities, or systems to cope with and adapt to adverse conditions or changes.
coral bleaching
The phenomenon where coral colonies expel symbiotic algae due to stressors like increased sea temperatures, leading to their whitening.
coral reef
Diverse ecosystems built from calcium carbonate secreted by coral polyps, which are highly vulnerable to climate change impacts.
cosmogenic radioisotopes
Radioactive isotopes produced by cosmic rays interacting with the atmosphere or other substances, used for dating geological and archaeological materials.
cost–benefit analysis
An economic analysis evaluating the costs and benefits of a decision, project, or policy related to climate change.
cost-effectiveness analysis
An economic analysis evaluating the efficiency of achieving objectives or outcomes in relation to costs incurred, particularly in addressing climate change.
coupled model intercomparison project
An international effort to coordinate and compare climate model simulations to improve understanding and predictions of climate change.
cryosphere
The regions of Earth where water exists in solid form, including glaciers, ice caps, and permafrost.
cultural impacts
The impacts of climate change on cultural heritage, practices, beliefs, and traditions.
cumulative emissions
The total amount of greenhouse gases emitted over time, which contributes to global climate change.
dansgaard-oeschger events
Abrupt climate events characterized by rapid temperature changes during the last glacial period.
data assimilation
The process of incorporating observational data into numerical models to improve predictions and understanding.
dead zones
Oxygen-depleted zones in oceans, caused by excessive nutrient pollution, leading to marine life depletion.
decadal predictability
The predictability of climate variations and changes over a decade-long period.
decadal prediction
Predictions of climate conditions over a decade-long period.
decadal variability
Variations in climate patterns occurring over a decade-long period.
decarbonisation
The process of reducing the carbon intensity of energy systems or economies.
decent living standard
A standard of living that ensures basic human needs are met sustainably and equitably.
decoupling
The separation of economic growth from environmental impact, aiming to reduce resource use and pollution.
deep uncertainty
Uncertainty that cannot be fully characterized, understood, or quantified.
deforestation
The clearing of forests for agriculture, urban development, or logging, leading to habitat loss and carbon dioxide emissions.
deglacial or deglaciation or glacial termination
The process of ice sheets or glaciers melting, contributing to rising sea levels during periods of global warming.
deliberate transformations
Planned and intentional changes or shifts in societal, economic, or environmental systems.
deliberative governance
A form of governance that emphasizes dialogue, engagement, and participation in decision-making processes.
demand- and supply-side measures
Policies or measures targeting both consumer behavior and production methods to reduce energy consumption and emissions.
demand-side measures
Policies or measures targeting consumer behavior to reduce energy consumption and emissions.
desertification
The degradation of land in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas due to various factors including climate change.
detection
The process of identifying changes in climate variables over time.
detection and attribution
The process of identifying changes in climate variables and attributing these changes to specific causes.
developed/developing countries
Categories based on economic development levels and income per capita, often used in global economic and climate discussions.
development pathways
Trajectories or strategies for achieving development goals while considering sustainability and climate impacts.
diatoms
Microscopic algae that play a crucial role in aquatic ecosystems and carbon cycling.
diet
The types and quantities of food consumed by individuals or populations.
dimensions of integration
The integration of different aspects or components into a unified whole, particularly in complex systems.
direct air capture
The process of capturing carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere and storing it, aiming to reduce greenhouse gas levels.
direct air carbon dioxide capture and storage
The process of capturing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it underground to mitigate climate change.
direct and indirect services
Services that have a direct impact on human well-being and quality of life.
direct emissions
Greenhouse gas emissions released directly into the atmosphere from sources like industrial processes and transportation.
disaster
A sudden, extreme event causing significant damage or loss, often due to natural hazards.
disaster management
The process of preparing for, responding to, and recovering from disasters to minimize their impacts.
disaster risk
The potential adverse effects of hazards on vulnerable elements, including people, property, infrastructure, and ecosystems.
disaster risk management
Strategies and actions to manage disaster risks, aiming to reduce vulnerabilities and enhance resilience.
disaster risk reduction
Long-term reduction of disaster risks through policies, strategies, and actions.
discharge
The volume of water flowing through a river or stream at a given point.
discounting
The practice of adjusting future costs and benefits to reflect their present value, often used in economic assessments.
displacement
The evaluation of potential impacts, positive or negative, of a project or policy.
disruptive innovation
Innovations that significantly alter existing markets or industries.
dissolved inorganic carbon
Carbon dioxide dissolved in seawater as bicarbonate and carbonate ions, affecting ocean acidity and marine life.
distributive equity
Fairness in the distribution of resources, benefits, and costs among different groups or individuals.
diurnal temperature range
The difference between the highest and lowest temperatures recorded in a day.
dobson unit
A unit measuring the thickness of the ozone layer, used in atmospheric and climate research.
downscaling
The process of generating detailed climate information at a local or regional scale from global climate models.
drainage
The natural or artificial removal of surface water from an area, affecting hydrology and ecosystems.
driver
Factors or phenomena that drive changes in environmental or climatic conditions.
drought
A prolonged period of abnormally low precipitation leading to water shortages and environmental stress.
dynamic global vegetation model
Models that simulate the dynamics of vegetation and its interactions with the atmosphere, soil, and climate.
dynamical system
A system whose state evolves over time according to established rules and equations, used in climate modeling and prediction.
early eocene climatic optimum
A warm period during the early Eocene epoch, characterized by elevated global temperatures and reduced polar ice.
early warning systems
Systems designed to detect and provide early warnings for impending natural hazards or disasters.
earth system feedbacks
Interactions within Earth’s climate system that can amplify or dampen climate change impacts.
earth system model
Models that simulate interactions between Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, land, and biosphere to study climate dynamics.
earth system model of intermediate complexity
Simplified Earth system models that balance complexity and computational feasibility.
earth system sensitivity
Earth’s sensitivity to changes in greenhouse gas concentrations, influencing climate response.
earth%E2%80%99s energy budget
The balance between incoming solar radiation absorbed by Earth and outgoing radiation emitted back into space.
earth’s energy flows
The pathways and transfers of energy within Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and surface.
earth’s energy imbalance
The disparity between incoming solar radiation absorbed by Earth and outgoing radiation emitted back into space.
earth’s radiative response
Earth’s response to changes in radiative forcing, affecting temperature and climate.
east asian monsoon
The seasonal wind pattern affecting East Asia, bringing heavy rainfall and influencing regional climate.
eastern boundary upwelling systems
Oceanic systems that bring nutrient-rich waters to the surface along coastal areas, supporting marine ecosystems.
eastern pacific el ni%C3%B1o
A climate phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean, characterized by warmer waters in the eastern Pacific.
economic potential
The potential economic benefits or opportunities associated with climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts.
ecosystem
A community of living organisms and their physical environment interacting as an ecological unit.
ecosystem health
The overall condition and resilience of ecosystems, indicating their ability to sustain biodiversity and functions.
ecosystem services
The benefits humans derive from ecosystems, including provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services.
ecosystem-based adaptation
Adaptation strategies that integrate ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation to reduce vulnerability to climate change.
effective equilibrium climate sensitivity
The equilibrium climate sensitivity considering the effects of feedback mechanisms over time.
effective radiative forcing due to aerosol–cloud interactions
Changes in Earth’s radiative balance due to interactions between aerosols and cloud particles.
effective radiative forcing due to aerosol–radiation interactions
Changes in Earth’s radiative balance due to interactions between aerosols and radiation.
ekman transport
The horizontal transport of ocean water by wind, influencing marine ecosystems and climate patterns.
el niño–southern oscillation
A coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon influencing global weather patterns.
electromagnetic spectrum
The distribution of electromagnetic radiation across a range of wavelengths, including visible light and radio waves.
elevation-dependent warming
The phenomenon where higher elevations warm faster than lower elevations due to climate change.
embodied %5Bemissions
Emissions associated with the production and transport of goods and services.
emergence
The appearance of new properties or behaviors in a complex system that emerge from interactions among its components.
emergent constraint
A limiting factor or prediction used to constrain uncertainty in climate models or projections.
emission and socio-economic scenario ensemble
A collection of scenarios or projections describing future greenhouse gas emissions and socio-economic developments.
emission factor/emissions intensity
The amount of greenhouse gas emissions per unit of economic activity or product output.
emission pathways
emission trajectories
Trajectories describing future greenhouse gas emissions based on various scenarios and assumptions.
emissions scenario
The potential future paths or tracks of greenhouse gas emissions based on different scenarios.
emulation
The replication of the behavior of complex systems using simplified models or simulations.
emulators
Mathematical models or algorithms used to approximate complex processes or systems.
enabling conditions
Conditions and factors that facilitate or support the implementation of policies or technologies.
endemic species
Species native and restricted to a specific geographic area or habitat.
energy access
Access to reliable and modern energy sources for basic human needs, development, and well-being.
energy balance
The balance between incoming solar radiation and outgoing thermal radiation from Earth’s surface and atmosphere.
energy balance model
A model that calculates energy exchanges within Earth’s climate system to study energy flows and feedbacks.
energy budget
The quantitative representation of energy transfers and transformations within Earth’s climate system.
energy efficiency
The efficient use of energy to achieve desired outcomes or services, reducing energy consumption and waste.
energy poverty
Lack of access to adequate and reliable energy services, affecting quality of life and development.
energy security
Measures ensuring the availability and reliability of energy sources and services to meet societal needs.
energy services
Services and benefits derived from energy production, distribution, and consumption.
energy system
The infrastructure, technologies, and practices involved in the production, distribution, and consumption of energy.
enhanced weathering
A geoengineering technique involving the accelerated weathering of minerals to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
ensemble
A group of simulations or models used to account for uncertainties and variability in climate predictions.
enteric fermentation
The fermentation process in livestock digestive systems producing methane emissions.
equality
Fairness and impartiality in the distribution of resources, opportunities, and outcomes among individuals or groups.
equilibrium and transient climate experiment
The response of the climate system to sustained greenhouse gas concentrations over centuries or millennia.
equilibrium climate sensitivity
The sensitivity of Earth’s climate to changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.
equilibrium line
The altitude at which snow accumulation equals melting in a glacier or ice sheet.
equity
Fairness and justice in the distribution of benefits and burdens related to climate change and mitigation efforts.
equivalent carbon dioxide emission
A standardized measure expressing the global warming potential of a greenhouse gas relative to carbon dioxide.
ethics
The moral principles and considerations guiding decisions and actions related to climate change.
eudaimonic
A concept of well-being and flourishing that emphasizes human potential and fulfillment.
eutrophication
Nutrient enrichment in water bodies leading to excessive algae growth and ecosystem degradation.
evaporation
The process by which water changes from liquid to vapor, driven by solar radiation.
evapotranspiration
The combined process of water evaporation from surfaces and transpiration from plants into the atmosphere.
evidence
The available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.
evolutionary adaptation
Adaptations in species traits and behaviors over successive generations in response to environmental changes.
exergy
The maximum useful work that can be extracted from a system at a given state, often related to energy efficiency.
exposure
The exposure of people, assets, or systems to climate change impacts or hazards.
extended concentration pathways
Scenarios describing future greenhouse gas concentrations and their impacts on climate and ecosystems.
external forcing
Factors or influences external to Earth’s climate system that alter its energy balance, such as solar radiation or volcanic eruptions.
externality/external cost/external benefit
Costs or benefits arising from economic activities that affect third parties not directly involved in the transaction.
extinction
The complete disappearance of a species from Earth.
extirpation
The local extinction of a species from a specific geographic area, while surviving elsewhere.
extratropical cyclone
A storm system outside the tropics, driven by temperature contrasts and frontal boundaries.
extratropical jets
High-altitude air currents driven by temperature and pressure gradients, influencing weather patterns.
extreme climate event
An unusual or severe weather event significantly deviating from typical climatic conditions.
extreme sea level
An extreme event where sea level rises significantly above normal, often due to storms or tides.
extreme weather event
An unusually severe or atypical weather event, such as hurricanes, heatwaves, or tornadoes, often linked to climate change.
extreme/heavy precipitation event
Heavy precipitation events exceeding normal levels, often leading to flooding or other impacts.
faculae
Bright patches on the Sun’s surface indicating intense magnetic activity.
fairness
The quality of being just, equitable, or impartial in distribution or treatment.
feasibility
The practicality or achievability of a proposed project, plan, or policy.
final energy
Energy in its final usable form after conversion and distribution to end-users.
fine-mode aerosol optical depth
The amount of fine particles in the atmosphere affecting light transmission and climate.
fingerprint
A unique pattern or characteristic indicative of a specific cause or origin, often used in climate science to identify climate change signals.
fire weather
Meteorological conditions conducive to wildfires due to dryness, heat, and wind.
firn
Compacted snow on glaciers that has not yet turned into ice.
fitness-for-purpose
The suitability of a product, service, or system to meet specific needs or purposes.
flaring
The burning of gas at oil production sites, releasing greenhouse gases and pollutants.
flexibility
The ability to adapt or modify policies and actions in response to changing circumstances or needs.
flexible governance
Adaptive and responsive governance structures capable of addressing complex and dynamic challenges.
flood
Overflow of water onto normally dry land, causing damage.
flux
The rate of transfer of a fluid, such as water or air, through a surface or boundary.
food loss and waste
Losses of food at various stages from production to consumption.
food security
The condition where all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food.
food system
The interconnected network of food production, distribution, and consumption within a region or globally.
food-borne diseases
Diseases caused by contaminated food, leading to illness.
foraminifera
Marine organisms with protective shells, crucial for paleoclimate research.
forcing
External influences causing changes in Earth’s energy balance and climate.
forest
A complex ecosystem dominated by trees and other vegetation, influencing climate and biodiversity.
forest degradation
The deterioration of forest ecosystems due to human activities or natural processes.
forest line
The altitude above which trees cannot grow due to climatic conditions.
fossil fuel emissions
Emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels.
fossil fuels
Non-renewable energy sources like coal, oil, and natural gas formed over millions of years from organic matter.
free atmosphere
The part of the atmosphere above the planetary boundary layer where weather phenomena occur.
frozen ground
Ground that remains below freezing for more than two consecutive years, influencing ecosystems and infrastructure.
fuel poverty
The inability to afford adequate energy services in a household or community.
fugitive emissions
Emissions of greenhouse gases not intentionally produced, such as leaks from pipelines or storage tanks.
gender equity
Fair distribution of resources, opportunities, and outcomes between genders.
general circulation
Large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns influencing global climate.
general circulation model
Computer models simulating Earth’s climate system to study past, present, and future climate conditions.
geocentric sea level change
The change in sea level relative to the center of the Earth due to gravitational and rotational effects.
geoid
The shape of Earth’s gravitational field, representing sea level as an equipotential surface.
geostrophic winds or currents
Winds or currents parallel to Earth’s isobars or sea surface contours, driven by the pressure gradient and Coriolis force.
geothermal energy
Renewable energy derived from the Earth’s internal heat.
gini coefficient
A measure of income distribution within a population, indicating inequality.
glacial isostatic adjustment
The ongoing vertical land movements due to changes in ice and water loads following glacial retreat.
glacial lake outburst flood /glacier lake outburst
Sudden floods caused by the breach or drainage of glacial lakes, often due to glacier melting.
glacial or glaciation
The process or condition related to glaciers or the growth and spread of glaciers.
glacial-interglacial cycles
Periodic shifts between colder glacial and warmer interglacial periods over geological time scales.
glaciated
Covered, affected, or formed by glaciers.
glacier
A large mass of ice moving slowly down a slope or valley, influenced by climate.
glacierized
Covered by glaciers.
global carbon budget
The balance between sources and sinks of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere and oceans.
global change
The overall transformation and changes in Earth’s systems due to human activities and natural processes.
global dimming
The reduction in solar radiation reaching Earth’s surface due to aerosols and particulates in the atmosphere.
global energy budget
The balance between incoming solar radiation and outgoing thermal radiation from Earth’s surface and atmosphere.
global energy inventory
A comprehensive inventory of global energy production, consumption, and sources.
global environment facility
An international financial mechanism supporting projects addressing global environmental issues.
global mean sea level change
The average sea level change across the world’s oceans.
global mean surface air temperature
The average temperature of Earth’s surface air over a specified period.
global mean surface temperature
The average temperature of Earth’s surface, including oceans and land areas.
global monsoon
A seasonal wind and rainfall pattern affecting regions across the globe.
global warming
The increase in Earth’s average surface temperature due to human activities, primarily greenhouse gas emissions.
global warming potential
A measure of the relative global warming potential of a greenhouse gas compared to carbon dioxide.
governance
The structures, processes, and norms by which authority and decision-making are exercised.
governance capacity
The capability of institutions and organizations to effectively manage and respond to challenges.
gravitational
Relating to or caused by gravitational force or effects.
gravity recovery and climate experiment
A satellite mission measuring changes in Earth’s gravitational field and their implications for climate.
grazing land
Land used primarily for grazing livestock, supporting pastoral livelihoods.
green climate fund
A financial mechanism supporting climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts in developing countries.
green infrastructure
Natural and engineered features promoting environmental sustainability, such as green roofs and wetlands.
greenhouse effect
The warming of Earth’s surface due to greenhouse gases trapping heat in the atmosphere.
greenhouse gas emission metric
greenhouse gas neutrality
greenhouse gases
Gases like carbon dioxide and methane that trap heat in Earth’s atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect.
greenland ice sheet
The massive ice sheet covering most of Greenland, influencing sea level rise and climate.
grey infrastructure
Infrastructure primarily composed of concrete, steel, and other materials, contrasting with natural or green infrastructure.
gross domestic product
The total value of goods and services produced within a country in a specific period.
gross primary production
The total amount of carbon dioxide fixed by photosynthesis in plants.
grounding line
The line where a glacier loses contact with the underlying bedrock, affecting ice flow and sea level rise.
ground-level ozone
Ground-level ozone formed by chemical reactions between pollutants in sunlight.
groundwater recharge
The process of replenishing groundwater reserves through natural percolation or artificial means.
gyre
Large systems of rotating ocean currents driven by winds and Earth’s rotation, influencing climate and ecosystems.
habitability
The suitability of an environment for human habitation, influenced by factors like climate, resources, and infrastructure.
hadley circulation
Global air circulation cells near the equator, driving weather patterns and climate.
halocarbons
Synthetic chemicals containing carbon, chlorine, or bromine, contributing to ozone depletion and climate change.
halocline
A steep change in salinity with depth in oceans or lakes.
halosteric
Changes in sea level due to changes in ocean salinity, affecting ocean density and volume.
halosteric sea level change
Changes in sea level due to changes in ocean salinity.
hazard
A natural or human-induced event that poses a threat to human life, property, or the environment.
health
The overall well-being, physical and mental, of individuals and communities.
heat index
A measure combining temperature and humidity to quantify discomfort from heat.
heat stress
Physiological strain from prolonged exposure to high temperatures, often exacerbated by humidity.
heatwave
A prolonged period of unusually high temperatures relative to the expected climate norms.
heavy precipitation event
Intense precipitation events exceeding normal levels, leading to flooding or other impacts.
hedonic
A method in economics determining the value of goods and services based on market demand and preferences.
heinrich event
Abrupt cooling events during the last glacial period, caused by massive iceberg discharges into the North Atlantic.
heterotrophic respiration
Carbon dioxide release into the atmosphere from microbial decomposition of organic matter.
hindcast or retrospective forecast
The practice of using models to simulate past weather events for validation and understanding.
holocene
The current geological epoch characterized by stable climate conditions conducive to human civilization.
household carbon footprint
The total amount of greenhouse gas emissions directly and indirectly associated with a household’s activities.
human behaviour
Actions, decisions, and behaviors of individuals or groups, influencing climate change mitigation and adaptation.
human influence on the climate system
Human activities contributing to changes in Earth’s climate, particularly through greenhouse gas emissions.
human mobility
The movement of people across or within geographical regions, influenced by environmental, social, and economic factors.
human rights
Fundamental rights ensuring the dignity, security, and freedom of individuals and communities.
human security
human system
The interconnected human activities and systems influencing and affected by environmental changes.
hydroclimate
The study of water in the atmosphere and its cycling between Earth’s surface and the atmosphere.
hydrofluorocarbons
Synthetic chemicals used as substitutes for ozone-depleting substances, also contributing to global warming.
hydrological cycle
The continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth, including evaporation, precipitation, and runoff.
hydrological drought
A prolonged period of reduced water availability due to insufficient precipitation or water storage.
hydrological sensitivity
Sensitivity of a region or system to changes in the hydrological cycle, affecting water resources.
hydropower
Electricity generation from flowing water, such as rivers or dams.
hydrosphere
The combined mass of Earth’s water in oceans, lakes, rivers, and glaciers.
hyperthermal events
Periods of rapid global warming events in Earth’s history.
hypoxic
Low oxygen levels in water bodies, affecting aquatic life and ecosystems.
hypoxic events
Events where oxygen levels in water bodies drop below normal, affecting marine life.
hypsometry
The study of the distribution and variations in elevation across Earth’s surface.
ice age
Periods of long-term cooling or warming of Earth’s climate, marked by glaciations or interglacial periods.
ice core
Cylindrical samples of ice drilled from glaciers or ice sheets, used to study past climate conditions.
ice sheet
Massive ice masses covering land and formed by accumulated snow over millennia.
ice shelf
A floating platform of ice attached to a coastline or ice sheet.
ice stream
Fast-moving rivers of ice within ice sheets, flowing towards the coast.
ice–albedo feedback
The feedback loop where melting ice reduces Earth’s albedo, enhancing further warming.
iceberg
Large floating chunks of ice calved from glaciers or ice shelves into the ocean.
impact assessment
A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance.
impacts
The effects and consequences of climate change on ecosystems, societies, economies, and the environment.
income
The total earnings or money received by individuals or households from various sources.
incremental adaptation
Incremental adjustments and improvements to adapt to climate change impacts.
indian ocean basin mode
Oceanic climate patterns influencing rainfall and temperature in the Indian Ocean region.
indian ocean dipole
An irregular climate oscillation affecting sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean.
indigenous knowledge
Traditional knowledge and practices developed by indigenous peoples over generations.
indigenous peoples
Indigenous communities with ancestral ties to specific lands and traditional knowledge.
indirect emissions
Greenhouse gas emissions resulting from indirect activities, such as supply chains or infrastructure development.
indirect land-use change
Changes in land use leading to greenhouse gas emissions, such as deforestation for agriculture.
industrial revolution
The transition marked by industrial advancements, urbanization, and socio-economic changes.
inequality
Disparities and uneven distributions of resources, opportunities, and outcomes among individuals or groups.
informal settlement
Informal settlements lacking legal recognition or basic services like water and sanitation.
infrastructure
Physical and organizational structures supporting societal functions and services.
insolation
Solar radiation energy reaching Earth’s surface.
instantaneous radiative forcing due to aerosol–cloud interactions
Changes in Earth’s radiation balance due to interactions between aerosols, clouds, and radiation.
instantaneous radiative forcing due to aerosol–radiation interactions
Changes in Earth’s radiation balance due to interactions between aerosols and radiation.
institutional capacity
The ability of organizations or institutions to effectively implement policies and programs.
institutions
Organizations, laws, and systems governing and regulating societal behaviors and activities.
insurance/reinsurance
Financial protection against risks associated with climate-related disasters or events.
integrated assessment
An approach integrating multiple disciplines to assess complex societal and environmental challenges.
integrated assessment model
Models combining physical, economic, and social factors to assess climate change impacts and policies.
integrated assessment scenario%C2%A0ensemble
A collection of scenarios or projections describing future climate and socio-economic conditions.
inter-decadal pacific oscillation
A multi-decadal climate oscillation affecting sea surface temperatures across the Pacific Ocean.
interglacial or interglaciation
Periods between glacial periods characterized by warmer temperatures and less ice cover.
internal climate variability
Natural variability in Earth’s climate system, unrelated to external forcing factors.
internal variability
Variability within Earth’s climate system, independent of external factors or influences.
internet of things
Interconnected devices transmitting data over the internet for monitoring and control purposes.
interpolation uncertainty
Uncertainty related to estimating values between known data points.
interstadial or interstade
Periods of warmer climate conditions within glacial periods.
inter-tropical convergence zone
The region near the equator where trade winds converge, influencing weather patterns and precipitation.
invasive species
Non-native species that adversely affect local ecosystems, biodiversity, or human activities.
irreversibility
Conditions or changes that cannot be reversed within a foreseeable timeframe.
isostatic or isostasy
Equilibrium in Earth’s crust where buoyancy forces stabilize vertical movements.
isotopes
Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, used in climate and geological studies.
just transitions
Fair and equitable transitions to sustainable economies and societies, minimizing social and economic disruptions.
justice
Fairness and impartiality in the distribution of benefits, burdens, and risks among individuals and groups.
kaya identity
A formula used to analyze factors influencing greenhouse gas emissions, combining population, GDP per capita, energy intensity, and carbon intensity.
key climate indicators
Key indicators used to monitor and assess climate change impacts, trends, and risks.
key risk
Risks critical to understanding and managing climate change impacts on ecosystems, societies, and economies.
kriging
A geostatistical method for interpolating spatial data points based on nearby values.
land
Solid ground or soil, including terrestrial ecosystems and landscapes.
land cover
The physical and biological cover over Earth’s surface, including vegetation and artificial structures.
land degradation
Deterioration of land quality and productivity, often due to human activities like agriculture and deforestation.
land degradation neutrality
The state whereby land degradation is halted and reversed, achieving sustainable land use practices.
land management
The management and use of land resources to achieve sustainable development and conservation goals.
land management change
Changes in land use practices, such as deforestation or afforestation, affecting land cover and ecosystems.
land potential
The productive potential of land for agriculture, forestry, and other uses.
land rehabilitation
The process of restoring degraded land to improve its ecological functionality and productivity.
land restoration
Actions to restore ecosystems and habitats on degraded or deforested land.
land surface air temperature
The temperature of Earth’s surface air, measured near the ground.
land use
The human activities and practices involving the management, utilization, and modification of land resources.
land water storage
Changes in the amount of water stored in land surfaces, influencing hydrological cycles and climate.
land-cover change
Changes in land cover type over time, often due to human activities like deforestation or urbanization.
land-use change
Changes in land use from natural or semi-natural ecosystems to agriculture, urban areas, or other land cover types.
lapse rate
The rate at which atmospheric temperature decreases with altitude under specific atmospheric conditions.
large-scale
Involving or relating to a large scale, encompassing broad areas or regions.
last millennium
The period from 1000 to 2000 CE, covering the last thousand years.
latent heat flux
The transfer of heat energy during changes of state, such as evaporation or condensation.
leakage
The unintended increase in greenhouse gas emissions or environmental impact in one location due to reduction measures elsewhere.
leapfrogging
Skipping technological stages to adopt more advanced methods or technologies.
least developed countries
Countries facing severe structural economic challenges and low human development indices.
lifecycle assessment
Assessment of the environmental impacts of a product or service throughout its lifecycle.
lifetime
The period for which a substance remains in the atmosphere or environment before breaking down.
light-absorbing particles
Particles absorbing sunlight in the atmosphere, contributing to warming.
likelihood
The probability of occurrence or likelihood of a particular event or outcome.
lithosphere
Earth’s rigid outer shell consisting of the crust and upper mantle.
livelihood
The means of earning a living, including income generation and subsistence activities.
local extinction
The extinction of a species from a particular geographic area, but not globally.
local knowledge
Knowledge and practices developed by communities based on their local environment and traditions.
local sea level change
Changes in local sea levels influenced by factors like land subsidence and ocean dynamics.
lock-in
The situation where technological or societal choices become entrenched, making change difficult.
long-lived climate forcers
Gases with long atmospheric lifetimes contributing to global warming, like methane and nitrous oxide.
long-lived greenhouse gases
Gases like carbon dioxide and methane that remain in the atmosphere for extended periods, contributing to global warming.
loss and damage
The irreversible loss and harm caused by climate change impacts, requiring international response.
low elevation coastal zones
Low-lying coastal areas vulnerable to sea level rise and associated hazards.
low-likelihood
Events or scenarios with a low probability of occurrence or happening.
madden–julian oscillation
A tropical climate oscillation affecting weather patterns and precipitation in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
maladaptive actions
Actions exacerbating vulnerability to climate change impacts.
malnutrition
Health conditions caused or exacerbated by inadequate nutrition or food quality.
managed forest
Forests managed to optimize wood production while maintaining ecosystem functions.
managed grassland
Grasslands managed to optimize livestock production while conserving biodiversity.
managed land
Land managed for specific purposes, such as agriculture, forestry, or conservation.
marine cloud brightening
A geoengineering concept aiming to increase cloud reflectivity to cool the planet.
marine heatwave
An extended period of unusually warm ocean temperatures, affecting marine ecosystems.
marine ice cliff instability
The potential collapse of ice cliffs along marine-based ice sheets, accelerating ice loss.
marine ice sheet instability
The potential instability and rapid disintegration of marine-based ice sheets due to warming.
marine isotope stage
Geological periods characterized by similar oxygen isotope ratios in deep-sea cores, indicating past climate conditions.
marine-based ice sheet
Portions of ice sheets resting on the sea floor, influencing sea level rise when melting.
market failure
Market inefficiencies resulting in misallocation of resources and failure to address environmental costs.
mass balance/budget
The balance or equilibrium between inputs and outputs of mass, energy, or substances in a system.
material substitution
Substituting one material for another to reduce environmental impact.
mean sea level
multilateral environmental agreement
measurement
The process or action of measuring or determining quantities or properties.
megacity
A city with a population exceeding 10 million inhabitants.
megadrought
A prolonged period of severe drought affecting large regions or continents.
meltwater pulse 1a
A rapid rise in global sea levels around 14,000 years ago due to melting ice sheets.
mental health
The psychological and emotional well-being of individuals and communities.
meridional overturning circulation
The overturning circulation of water masses in the world’s oceans, affecting climate and ecosystems.
meteorological drought
A prolonged period of dry weather caused by a lack of precipitation.
methane
A potent greenhouse gas emitted from natural and human sources, influencing climate change.
metric
A standard unit or measure used to evaluate performance, impact, or effectiveness.
microclimate
The climate conditions of a small-scale or localized area, differing from the surrounding region.
microwave sounding unit
Instruments measuring microwave radiation emitted by Earth’s atmosphere, used in weather and climate monitoring.
migrant
A person moving from one region or country to another for various reasons, including environmental or economic factors.
migration
The movement of people from one place to another, often driven by environmental or socio-economic factors.
mineralization/remineralization
The conversion of organic matter into minerals by microbial action, contributing to nutrient cycles.
mitigation
Actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions or enhance sinks to mitigate climate change impacts.
mitigation measures
Measures and actions aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions or enhancing sinks to mitigate climate change.
mitigation option
Options and strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions or enhancing sinks to achieve climate goals.
mitigation pathways
Different pathways or scenarios outlining actions and measures to achieve greenhouse gas emissions reductions.
mitigation potential
The potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions through various measures and technologies.
mitigation scenario
Scenarios outlining potential pathways and outcomes based on different levels of mitigation action.
model initialization
The process of setting initial conditions in climate models to simulate past or current climate conditions.
model spread
The range or variability among model simulations or predictions for the same scenario.
models
Computer models simulating Earth’s climate system to study and predict climate patterns and changes.
modes of climate variability
Patterns or cycles of natural climate variations affecting weather and climate globally or regionally.
mole fraction or mixing ratio
The ratio of the number of molecules of one substance to another in a mixture, often used for gases in the atmosphere.
monitoring and evaluation
The continuous assessment and evaluation of climate-related actions and policies to gauge effectiveness and impact.
montreal protocol
An international agreement aimed at phasing out ozone-depleting substances.
mountains
Elevated areas of land characterized by high relief and distinct ecological zones.
multi-level governance
A governance approach involving multiple levels of government, institutions, and stakeholders.
narrative
A storyline or narrative used to convey complex scientific or policy information.
native species
Species naturally occurring and evolving in specific ecosystems or regions.
natural systems
Natural environments and ecosystems comprising living organisms and their interactions.
natural variability
Variability in Earth’s climate system caused by internal processes and natural phenomena.
nature-based solutions
Ecosystem-based approaches using natural features and processes to address societal challenges.
nature’s contributions to people
The contributions of ecosystems to human well-being, including food, water, and cultural services.
near-surface permafrost
Permanently frozen soil near Earth’s surface, crucial for ecosystem stability in polar regions.
negative greenhouse gas emissions
The removal of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere, reducing their concentration.
net negative greenhouse gas emissions
Achieving a balance between greenhouse gas emissions and removals, resulting in no net addition to the atmosphere.
net primary production
The total amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by plants and other photosynthetic organisms, influencing the carbon cycle.
net zero co2 emissions
Achieving a balance between carbon dioxide emissions and removals, resulting in no net addition to the atmosphere.
net zero greenhouse gas emissions
A sustainable urban development framework focusing on inclusive, resilient, and sustainable urban growth.
new urban agenda
Deposition of reactive nitrogen compounds into ecosystems, influencing nutrient cycles and biodiversity.
nitrogen deposition
A potent greenhouse gas emitted from agricultural and industrial activities, influencing climate change.
nitrous oxide
Gases other than carbon dioxide that contribute to radiative forcing and climate change.
non-climatic driver
Diseases not directly transmitted by pathogens, often associated with lifestyle and environmental factors.
non-co2 emissions and radiative forcing
Factors unrelated to climate causing environmental or societal changes.
non-communicable diseases
Non-linear relationships or behaviors in climate systems, where small changes lead to disproportionately larger effects.
non-linearity
Volatile organic compounds contributing to atmospheric chemistry and climate change.
non-methane volatile organic compounds
Climate pathways avoiding overshooting global warming targets, ensuring long-term sustainability.
non-overshoot pathways
A seasonal weather pattern affecting North America, characterized by increased rainfall and humidity.
north american monsoon
Atmospheric circulation pattern affecting weather patterns in the North Atlantic region.
north atlantic oscillation
A climate oscillation influencing weather and atmospheric circulation in the Northern Hemisphere.
northern annular mode
ocean acidification
The largest bodies of saline water on Earth’s surface, covering approximately 71% of its surface.
ocean alkalinization/ocean alkalinity enhancement
Increasing ocean alkalinity to enhance carbon dioxide absorption and mitigate climate change impacts.
ocean carbon cycle
The cycling of carbon through oceanic processes, including uptake, transport, and storage.
ocean deoxygenation
Decreasing oxygen levels in the ocean, affecting marine life and ecosystems.
ocean dynamic sea level change
Changes in sea level due to ocean dynamics, such as currents and temperature changes.
ocean fertilisation
Adding nutrients to ocean waters to stimulate phytoplankton growth and enhance carbon dioxide absorption.
ocean heat uptake efficiency
The efficiency with which the ocean absorbs and stores heat from the atmosphere.
ocean stratification
Layering of ocean waters based on temperature and salinity, affecting marine ecosystems and circulation.
offset
Compensation for greenhouse gas emissions through reductions elsewhere or carbon removal.
orbital forcing
Changes in Earth’s orbit affecting climate, influencing long-term climate patterns.
organic aerosol
Aerosols composed of organic compounds, influencing atmospheric processes and climate.
organic farming
Agricultural practices avoiding synthetic chemicals and promoting natural methods.
outbreak
Sudden increase in disease occurrence in a population, region, or ecosystem.
outgoing longwave radiation
Longwave radiation emitted from Earth’s surface into the atmosphere.
outlet glacier
Glaciers flowing from ice sheets or ice caps into the ocean, affecting sea level rise.
overshoot pathways
Climate pathways temporarily exceeding global warming targets before returning to safer levels.
oxygen minimum zone
Areas of the ocean with very low oxygen levels, impacting marine ecosystems.
ozone
A gas molecule consisting of three oxygen atoms, crucial in the upper atmosphere for absorbing ultraviolet radiation.
ozone layer
The protective layer of ozone gas in the stratosphere, absorbing most of the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation.
ozone-depleting substances
Substances that deplete the ozone layer, such as chlorofluorocarbons and halons.
ozonesonde
Balloons carrying instruments to measure ozone concentration and atmospheric parameters.
pacific decadal oscillation
pacific decadal variability
Long-term climate variability in the Pacific Ocean influencing weather patterns.
pacific-north american pattern
Variability in sea surface temperatures and atmospheric circulation affecting climate in the Pacific-North American region.
palaeocene–eocene thermal maximum
A rapid warming event 55 million years ago, impacting global climate and ecosystems.
paleoclimate
The study of Earth’s climate history using geological and biological evidence.
pandemic
An epidemic of infectious disease affecting a large population across multiple countries or continents.
pareto optimum
An optimal allocation of resources where no one can be made better off without making someone else worse off.
participatory governance
A governance approach involving the participation of stakeholders in decision-making processes.
particulate matter
Small particles suspended in the atmosphere, influencing air quality and climate.
pasture
Land used for grazing livestock, influencing carbon storage and biodiversity.
path dependence
The idea that historical events or decisions constrain future options and choices.
pathways
Different routes or sequences of events leading to different outcomes or goals.
pattern scaling
Scaling climate model projections based on observed patterns or relationships.
peat
Organic material formed in waterlogged environments, storing carbon and influencing climate.
peatlands
Wetland ecosystems consisting of partially decayed plant material, crucial for carbon storage.
pelagic
Relating to the open sea rather than coastal waters or the seafloor.
pelagos
Open ocean regions beyond coastal and continental shelves.
percentile
A statistical measure indicating the percentage of data points below a given value.
peri-urban areas
Areas adjacent to urban centers with mixed urban and rural characteristics.
permafrost
Perennially frozen ground in polar regions, sensitive to climate change.
permafrost degradation
permafrost thaw
The thawing or melting of permafrost due to rising temperatures.
perturbed parameter ensemble
Ensemble simulations varying model parameters to assess climate model sensitivity.
phenology
The study of cyclic and seasonal natural phenomena in plants and animals.
photosynthesis
The process by which plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars.
physical climate storyline
A narrative describing the physical processes and interactions influencing climate.
planetary health
The health of human civilization linked to the state of natural systems and the environment.
plankton
Microscopic organisms floating in the ocean, forming the basis of marine food webs.
planned relocation
Planned relocation of communities or populations due to environmental or climate-related risks.
plant evaporative stress
Water stress in plants due to inadequate moisture availability, affecting growth and yield.
plasticity
The ability of organisms or systems to adapt to changing environmental conditions.
pleistocene
The geological epoch from 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago, characterized by repeated glaciations.
pliocene
The geological epoch from 5.3 to 2.6 million years ago, preceding the Pleistocene.
polar amplification
The amplification of temperature changes in polar regions compared to global average warming.
policies
Courses of action or strategies adopted by governments or organizations to achieve specific goals.
political economy
The interaction of politics and economics influencing policy decisions and resource allocation.
pollen analysis
The study of pollen grains in sediment cores to reconstruct past climates and ecosystems.
polycentric governance
A governance approach involving multiple centers of authority at different levels.
pool
A reservoir or storage of a substance in a system, such as carbon in forests or oceans.
potential evapotranspiration
The potential evaporation rate from land and water surfaces under optimal conditions.
poverty
The state of being poor, lacking basic necessities and resources for a decent standard of living.
poverty eradication
Efforts and actions aimed at eradicating poverty and improving living conditions globally.
poverty trap
A situation where individuals or communities remain trapped in poverty due to structural barriers.
precipitable water
The amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, influencing cloud formation and precipitation.
precipitation deficit
A deficit in precipitation compared to the expected amount for a given period and region.
precursors
Chemical compounds that react to form pollutants or other substances.
predictability
The extent to which a system or process can be predicted accurately.
prediction quality/skill
The quality or accuracy of predictions made by climate models or forecasting techniques.
pre-industrial
Relating to the period before industrialization and significant human influence on climate.
primary production
The production of organic matter through photosynthesis by plants and other organisms.
private costs
Costs borne directly by individuals or entities, excluding externalities or societal impacts.
probability density function
A function describing the likelihood of a continuous random variable taking a given value.
procedural justice
Fairness in the processes and procedures governing the distribution of benefits and burdens.
process-based model
A model describing physical processes and interactions in a system, such as climate or ecology.
production-based emissions
Emissions associated with the production of goods and services.
projection
A projection or estimate of future climate conditions based on scientific data and models.
prosumers
Consumers who both consume and produce goods or services, such as energy or food.
proxy
A substitute used to estimate values for unavailable data points based on nearby values or known relationships.
quasi-biennial oscillation
A cycle of winds in the equatorial stratosphere affecting atmospheric circulation and climate.
quaternary
The geological period spanning the past 2.6 million years, characterized by repeated glaciations.
radiative forcing
The change in energy balance of the Earth-atmosphere system causing climate change.
rapid dynamical change
Abrupt and significant changes in Earth’s systems, such as ice sheets or ocean currents.
reanalysis
A method combining historical data with models to create consistent datasets for climate analysis.
reasons for concern
A framework outlining qualitative reasons for concern regarding climate change impacts.
rebound effect
The unintended increase in resource consumption following efficiency improvements.
reconstruction
The process of reconstructing past climate conditions using proxy data and models.
reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation
Efforts to decrease greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation.
reference period
A specified time period used as a baseline for comparison in climate assessments.
reference scenario
A future scenario used to explore potential outcomes and responses to climate change.
reforestation
Planting trees in areas where forests have been depleted to mitigate climate change.
refugium
Areas where species survive during adverse conditions, preserving biodiversity.
regenerative agriculture
Agricultural practices enhancing ecosystem health and soil fertility while sequestering carbon.
region
A specific geographic area characterized by distinct climate conditions.
regional climate messages
Regional climate change impacts and projections tailored for specific geographic areas.
regional climate model
Climate models focusing on specific regions to provide detailed local climate projections.
regional sea level change
Changes in sea level varying regionally due to factors like ocean currents and land movement.
regulation
Rules and standards governing behavior or practices to achieve specific outcomes.
relative humidity
The ratio of water vapor present in the air to the maximum possible at a given temperature.
relative sea level change
Changes in sea level relative to the land surface due to factors like land subsidence or uplift.
remaining carbon budget
The remaining allowable emissions to stay within a specified global warming limit.
renewable energy
Energy derived from naturally replenished sources, such as sunlight or wind.
reporting
The process of compiling and presenting data or information for specific purposes.
representative concentration pathways
Scenarios representing future greenhouse gas concentrations and their effects on climate.
representative key risks
Key risks identified as critical for planning and decision-making under climate change.
reservoir
A natural or artificial storage location for substances, such as carbon in forests or oceans.
residual risk
Risks that remain after risk reduction measures have been implemented.
resilience
The capacity of a system to absorb disturbances while retaining its basic function and structure.
resolution
The level of detail or granularity in data or model outputs.
resource cascade
The sequential use of resources through recycling and reuse to minimize waste.
respiration
The process by which organisms convert organic matter into energy, releasing carbon dioxide.
response time or adjustment time
The time it takes for a system to adjust to a new equilibrium after a disturbance.
restoration
Activities restoring ecosystems to a more natural or healthy state.
return period
The average time between events of a particular magnitude occurring.
return value
The expected value of an extreme event, such as the 100-year flood level.
risk assessment
The process of evaluating potential hazards and determining their likelihood and impacts.
risk framework
A framework outlining how risks are identified, assessed, and managed.
risk management
risk perception
Individual perceptions and judgments of risks influenced by personal experiences and beliefs.
risk trade-off
Balancing risks against benefits when making decisions or taking actions.
risk transfer
The transfer of risk from one party to another through mechanisms like insurance.
river discharge
The volume of water flowing through a river channel over a specific period.
rock glacier
A type of glacier containing significant amounts of rock debris, affecting movement and dynamics.
runoff
The runoff of water from land surfaces into streams, rivers, and lakes.
salt-water intrusion/encroachment
The intrusion of seawater into freshwater aquifers due to factors like sea level rise.
sampling uncertainty
Uncertainty associated with the representativeness of sampled data.
scenario storyline
A plausible and internally consistent description of a potential future state or development.
sea ice area
The total area covered by sea ice within a given region.
sea ice concentration
The proportion of a given area covered by sea ice, influencing climate and ecosystems.
sea ice extent
The spatial extent of sea ice coverage in polar regions, impacting climate and ecosystems.
sea level change
Changes in average global sea level over time due to factors like thermal expansion and ice melt.
sea level equivalent
The equivalent amount of freshwater needed to match the weight of melted ice causing sea level rise.
sea level rise
The rise in average global sea level over time, influenced by climate change.
sea surface temperature
The temperature of the upper layer of the ocean’s surface, influencing climate and weather patterns.
semi-arid zone
A region receiving low annual precipitation, prone to drought and desertification.
semi-empirical model
A model combining empirical relationships and physical understanding to project climate change impacts.
sendai framework for disaster risk reduction
A framework for reducing disaster risk, adopted in Sendai, Japan in 2015.
sensible heat flux
The flux of heat transferred by convection and conduction between Earth’s surface and the atmosphere.
sensitivity
The degree of response of a system or variable to changes in external conditions.
sequestration
The process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide to mitigate climate change impacts.
sequestration potential
The potential amount of carbon dioxide that can be stored in geological reservoirs.
service provisioning
The ability of ecosystems to provide resources and services to support human well-being.
services
Goods and benefits provided by ecosystems that contribute to human well-being.
settlements
Human settlements including towns, cities, and villages with specific socio-economic characteristics.
shelf seas
Coastal seas extending from the shoreline to the continental shelf, rich in marine life.
shifting development pathways
Changing pathways of socio-economic development to achieve sustainable outcomes.
shifting development pathways to sustainability
Adaptive socio-economic pathways guiding development towards sustainability.
short-lived climate forcers
Gases with short atmospheric lifetimes influencing climate change over shorter timeframes.
short-lived climate pollutants
Pollutants with short atmospheric lifetimes contributing to climate change and air pollution.
significant wave height
The average height of the highest third of waves in a given time period.
simple climate model
A simplified climate model focusing on key processes to assess climate change impacts.
sink
A natural or artificial storage location for absorbing greenhouse gases, such as forests or oceans.
small island developing states
Small island nations facing unique vulnerabilities to climate change impacts.
smart grids
Electrical grids incorporating digital technology to optimize energy distribution and consumption.
snow cover
The extent and duration of snow covering the ground, affecting climate and hydrology.
snow cover duration
The duration of time that snow remains on the ground during a given period.
snow cover extent
The area covered by snow on the ground at a specific time, influencing climate and ecosystems.
snow water equivalent
The amount of water contained within snowpack, impacting water availability and runoff.
societal transformations
Fundamental changes in societal structures and norms towards sustainability and resilience.
socio-economic scenario
Scenarios depicting future socio-economic conditions and their implications for climate change.
socio-technical transitions
Transitioning socio-technical systems towards sustainability through technological and social innovations.
soil carbon sequestration
The process of storing carbon in soils through improved land management practices.
soil erosion
The erosion of topsoil by wind, water, or human activities, affecting soil fertility and ecosystems.
soil moisture
The water content of soil, influencing plant growth, climate, and hydrological processes.
soil organic carbon
Carbon stored in soil organic matter, contributing to carbon cycling and climate regulation.
soil organic matter
Organic matter in soil, influencing soil structure, fertility, and carbon storage.
soil temperature
The temperature of soil layers, affecting nutrient availability, plant growth, and microbial activity.
solar activity
The activity of the sun influencing climate patterns and solar radiation reaching Earth’s surface.
solar cycle
The 11-year cycle of solar activity affecting solar radiation and climate variability.
solar energy
Energy derived from sunlight using technologies like photovoltaic cells or solar thermal systems.
solar radiation
Electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun, influencing Earth’s climate and weather patterns.
solar radiation modification
Intentional modification of solar radiation reaching Earth’s surface to mitigate climate change impacts.
solubility pump
The process by which carbon dioxide dissolves in ocean surface waters and is transported to deeper layers.
solution space
The range of possible solutions or strategies available to address a problem or challenge.
source
The origin or cause of emissions or pollutants released into the atmosphere.
south american monsoon
A monsoon affecting South America, characterized by seasonal wind and precipitation patterns.
south and south east asian monsoon
Monsoonal weather patterns affecting South and Southeast Asia, influencing regional climate and agriculture.
south pacific convergence zone
A convergence zone in the South Pacific Ocean influencing climate and weather patterns.
southern annular mode
Variability in atmospheric circulation influencing weather and climate in the Southern Hemisphere.
southern ocean
The ocean surrounding Antarctica, playing a crucial role in global climate and ocean circulation.
spatial and temporal scales
The spatial and temporal dimensions over which phenomena or processes occur.
specific humidity
The amount of water vapor in the atmosphere relative to air temperature and pressure.
spill-over effect
The unintended spread or transfer of effects from one area to another.
stadial or stade
A cold period during an interglacial period, affecting climate and ecosystems.
standard
A defined standard or level used for comparison or evaluation in scientific studies.
steric sea level change
Changes in sea level due to thermal expansion, affecting coastal ecosystems and communities.
storm surge
An abnormal rise in sea level along coastlines due to weather events like storms or hurricanes.
storm tracks
Storm tracks are designated pathways in the atmosphere where storms develop and move, influenced by global wind patterns and atmospheric pressure systems, impacting regional weather and climate patterns.
storyline
Long-term paths or trajectories of development, change, or events in a narrative.
stranded assets
Assets losing value or becoming obsolete due to climate change impacts or policy changes.
stratification
The layering of water columns based on temperature and salinity, influencing marine ecosystems.
stratosphere
The layer of Earth’s atmosphere above the troposphere, containing the ozone layer and influencing climate.
stratosphere–troposphere exchange
The exchange of air and substances between the stratosphere and troposphere, affecting atmospheric composition.
stratospheric aerosol injection
Injecting aerosols into the stratosphere to reflect sunlight and cool the Earth’s surface.
stratospheric ozone
The protective layer of ozone in the stratosphere, absorbing most of the sun’s harmful ultraviolet
stratospheric polar vortex
A persistent wind pattern in the stratosphere over the polar regions.
stratospheric sounding unit
Instruments measuring atmospheric conditions in the stratosphere.
streamflow
The flow of water in rivers and streams.
stressors
Factors or pressures causing stress or strain on systems or individuals.
subduction
The process of one tectonic plate moving under another.
subnational actors
Subnational entities such as states or provinces with political power or influence.
sudden stratospheric warming
Rapid warming events in the stratosphere disrupting polar vortex patterns.
sufficiency
Meeting basic needs without exceeding environmental limits.
sulphur hexafluoride
A potent greenhouse gas used in electrical transmission equipment.
sunspots
Dark spots on the sun’s surface linked to solar activity and climate.
supply-side measures
Measures targeting the production or supply of goods and services.
surface energy budget
The balance between incoming and outgoing energy at Earth’s surface.
surface mass balance
The balance between accumulation and loss of snow and ice on Earth’s surface.
surprises
Unexpected events or outcomes impacting climate or ecosystems.
sustainability
The capacity to endure and thrive without compromising future generations.
sustainable development
Development that meets present needs without compromising future generations.
sustainable development goals
Global objectives for sustainable development adopted by the United Nations.
sustainable development pathways
Pathways guiding development towards sustainability and resilience.
sustainable forest management
The responsible use and conservation of forests to meet current and future needs.
sustainable intensification
Practices aiming to increase agricultural productivity without degrading resources.
sustainable land management
Practices ensuring sustainable use and conservation of land resources.
swash
The rush of seawater up a beach after a wave breaks.
sympagic
Associated with or occurring in sea ice habitats.
systems of innovation
Systems promoting the development and adoption of new technologies and practices.
talik
A layer of unfrozen ground surrounded by permafrost.
technical potential
The maximum achievable level of technology adoption under ideal conditions.
technology deployment
The process of introducing and using new technologies in various sectors.
technology diffusion
The spread and adoption of technologies across different regions or sectors.
technology transfer
The transfer of technologies from one entity or region to another.
teleconnection
A large-scale atmospheric interaction linking distant regions.
teleconnection pattern
Patterns in teleconnections affecting weather and climate.
temperature overshoot
A temporary increase in global temperatures above desired targets.
terrestrial radiation
Radiation emitted by Earth’s surface into the atmosphere.
thermocline
A boundary separating warm surface water from cold deep water in oceans.
thermokarst
Thawing of ice-rich permafrost leading to land subsidence and landscape changes.
thermosteric sea level change
Changes in sea level due to variations in water temperature.
tide gauge
An instrument measuring sea level changes relative to a fixed point on land.
tier
A classification or level within a system or framework.
time of emergence
The time when a climate signal emerges from natural variability.
tipping element
Climate elements with the potential to cause abrupt and irreversible shifts.
tipping point
A critical threshold in a system triggering irreversible changes.
top-of-atmosphere energy budget
The balance of incoming and outgoing energy at the top of Earth’s atmosphere.
total alkalinity
The measure of all dissolved bases in seawater.
total carbon budget
The total amount of carbon stored or emitted within a specified system.
total solar irradiance
The total solar power received per unit area at the top of the Earth’s atmosphere.
total water level
The combined level of ocean, tidal, and storm surge water height.
trace gas
Gases present in trace amounts in the atmosphere, influencing climate.
trade-off
A situation where one thing must be decreased to increase another.
traditional biomass
Biomass obtained from traditional practices like wood or charcoal burning.
transformation
Fundamental and irreversible changes in social, economic, and ecological systems.
transformation pathways
Pathways guiding societal transformations towards sustainability.
transformational adaptation
Fundamental changes in societal structures and norms towards sustainability and resilience.
transformative change
The equilibrium global surface temperature increase after doubling CO2 concentration.
transient climate response
The temperature increase caused by cumulative CO2 emissions over time.
transient climate response to cumulative co2 emissions
A shift from one state to another, like from fossil fuels to renewable energy.
transition
The line on mountains marking the transition from tree growth to no trees.
tree line
Annual growth rings in tree trunks used to study past climates.
tree rings
Uncertainty associated with estimates of trends over time.
trend estimates uncertainty
Variability in Atlantic Ocean conditions affecting climate in tropical regions.
tropical atlantic variability
A rotating storm system with low-pressure centers and strong winds.
tropical cyclone
The boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere.
tropopause
The lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere, where weather occurs.
troposphere
Ozone found in the troposphere, influencing air quality and climate.
tropospheric ozone
Large ocean waves caused by seismic activity or underwater eruptions.
tsunami
Cold, treeless plains in the Arctic and Antarctic.
tundra
The average time a substance remains in a reservoir before being replaced.
turnover time
Regions classified by similar characteristics, such as climate and vegetation.
typological regions
Lack of certainty or predictability about the future state of the climate system.
uncertainty
An international treaty combating desertification, adopted in 1994.
united nations convention to combat desertification
An international treaty addressing climate change, adopted in 1992.
united nations framework convention on climate change
The absorption or assimilation of a substance by another.
uptake
Areas where cold, nutrient-rich water rises towards the ocean surface.
upwelling region
Systems of cities interconnected by economic and social activities.
urban
Agricultural practices within urban and surrounding areas.
urban and peri-urban agriculture
The phenomenon where urban areas are significantly warmer than rural areas.
urban heat island
The process of urban growth and expansion.
urban systems
Characteristics related to cities, including population density and infrastructure.
urbanisation
The process of urban growth and expansion.
urbanization
Core principles and convictions shaping individual and collective behavior.
values and beliefs
Renewable energy sources that fluctuate based on natural factors like wind and sunlight.
variable renewable energy
Diseases transmitted by vectors such as mosquitoes or ticks.
vector-borne disease
The exchange of air between indoors and outdoors.
ventilation
Confirmation that actions or processes meet specified criteria or standards.
verification
Vertical movement of land relative to sea level.
vertical land motion
Halogenated substances with short atmospheric lifetimes.
very short-lived halogenated substances
Organic chemicals that can easily vaporize into the atmosphere.
volatile organic compounds
The susceptibility of a system to harm from exposure to stresses or hazards.
vulnerability
An index assessing the susceptibility of a system to harm from hazards.
vulnerability index
A system of atmospheric circulation influencing weather patterns.
walker circulation
Diseases transmitted through contaminated water sources.
water cycle
A body of water with uniform temperature and salinity.
water mass
The availability of reliable access to sufficient quantities of clean water.
water security
The efficiency of water use in achieving desired outcomes.
water-borne diseases
The continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth.
water-use efficiency
The increase in sea level due to wind stress and pressure differences.
wave setup
The breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical, physical, and biological processes.
weathering
The state of being healthy, happy, and prosperous.
well-being
Gases like carbon dioxide that remain in the atmosphere for a long time, causing warming.
well-mixed greenhouse gas
A monsoon affecting West Africa, characterized by seasonal wind and precipitation patterns.
west african monsoon
Areas of land saturated with water, like swamps and marshes.
wetland
Energy generated from wind using turbines.
wind energy
A period of abrupt cooling during the Pleistocene Epoch.
younger dryas
The commitment to eliminate all greenhouse gas emissions.
zero emissions commitment
The displacement of people from their homes or communities.
social cost of carbon
The economic cost imposed by carbon emissions, accounting for damages caused by climate change.